      The above command will also include directories. In case you only want to look for only files, then programmers have to use the -type option. Users also have the option not to make the search case sensitive. Users have to enter the command as follows:. The uname command provides users with the system information of the Linux system or computer they are using.It comes with several options that enable users to view all or specific information they want. Below is the option programmers can use with the uname command:. The finger command is leveraged by programmers to look up and obtain brief information on users. It also concatenates with multiple options such as -s, -l, -p, and -m. With the -s option, one can view all the information about a user mentioned above. However, using the -l, presents information about login shell, contents of file and mail status, in addition to all data provided with -s option.The -p option is used to obtain information about the contents of the ". Meanwhile, the -m option stops from matching usernames. Users must remember that the matching by finger command is case sensitive.Now to view the contents of a file of the user, programmers can use the following command:. The free command-line utility provides users with a summary of the total available free space on the computer.More so, it also displays the total amount of used memory of the Random Access Memory RAM and the swap memory on the computer. Using the free command will also present the buffers leveraged by the kernel. The output of the command displays information in bytes.However, coders can use the -h option to ensure the data is provided in human-friendly numbers. Here is the example of the free command:.The grep command is one of the most useful commands on Linux. It is an acronym, and its full form is; global regular expression print. The grep command looks for lines and prints the ones that match a predefined search pattern. Commonly, most programmers use grep command to search for a particular string of words in a given file.More so, you can use the program to search for contents of the files. The result will show list not only the name of the file but also display the line it matches. The matching text is highlighted, making it easy for the user to look for the file on the computer. Linux has to mechanism two manage users - users and groups. In simple words, the groups are a collection of users. A group makes it easier to manage user with same permission privileges. The groups' command is as simple as it sounds.It provides information about groups that a user is a member of. In simple words, when the command is executed, it will display the name of primary and supplementary groups for a username. The simple command looks like this:. In case, the user does not specify a username; then it will print group membership for the active or current user. More so, for better understanding, you can also use the --help command with groups.So it will look something like this:. The gzip is a useful command when it comes to file management. It is a file compressing tool with its primary goal is to reduce file size.The gzip command by default deletes the original file and saves only the new compressed file which is resulted from the command. However, you can use the -k keep option to ensure that the original file is not deleted. The gzip command will look as follows:. Users can even revert the file to decompress format.To do so, you have to use the gunzip command and the original file will available at the location. The whoami command is simple and mostly comes handy for amateur Linux users. It tells the user with a username they are logged in as. More so, coders can use the command to know if anyone has logged into an unnamed Linux terminal.It is straightforward to execute and is one of the few commands in Linux that perform a single task. The output will show the username of the one that is logged in as. Apart from Linux and other Unix-based operating systems, the command is also standard for the Windows operating system.Coders can use the command with two options help --help and version --version. Users can combine it with multiple options to filter users on the Linux system. For example, if you want information on a specified user, then programmers have to enter the following command. The top command is a task management program that presents a real-time display of CPU and memory usage of the Linux computer.It is a simple status summary. The command is suitable for those who like to monitor the CPU performance of the Linux machine. It displays the number of users that are logged in, the runtime of the computer and the load average for various time intervals such as five and fifteen minutes.It also provides a summary of the task. The overview consists of the current status of the task, such as if they are running or sleeping or stopped. Below are letters that define the statuses of the process:. The command will present other information in a column format. Here is what each column stands for:. The tar command is one of the most useful accounts when it comes to file management.Using tar, you can create archive files that can perform as storage for multiple files. The archive file is often known as the tarball. Using tar makes file management convenience as one can share a collection of files quickly. You can even use the command to extract files from archives and also compress the archive. User must demand compress files otherwise the command will archive file in an uncompressed version.Users have to define what files will the archive file have and the name that a user wants to give. For instance, let's say we want to create an archive for the Football directory, then enter the following command:. In the example, the -c is the option to create, the -v is the verbose option that provides feedback while they are added to the archive.Meanwhile, the -f is the filename that coders want to give to the archive. In this case, it is videos. The tail command is a command-line utility that lists the last lines of a file that are given via standard input.The number of output lines is set to 10 by default. However, users can change it by combining the tail command with the -n number option. Programmers can use tail even to track files in real-time.It means that a user can view new lines as they are being written. Now in case a programmer only wants to view the latest five lines, then one has to enter the following command:. The Sudo command is one of the most advanced Linux commands.While the syntax is basic, but dealing with it is critical as it requires root access. The most common use of the sudo command is to change the password for other users. For example, if Smith wants to change the password for Max, then the command will be as follows. The terminal will prompt Smith to input his password and then allow the change.The reason one must be cautious is that it will enable you to operate programs using the security privileges of another user. Coders can use the -l list option to know which commands is permitted and not permitted on the current host. The SSH command allows users to connect to remote Linux machines. You can even log into your account on the remote computer using the command. User has to provide a username, domain name, IP address of the remote machine to make the connection.Using the command, Max is connecting to a remote machine whose IP is  It will demand to enter the password, and once verified and logged in; then the prompt will change to a system that the programmer is using. The head command provides users with the first lines of the file.By default, the output is set to the first 10 lines. However, users can alter it by using the -n number option. The head is the opposite of the command, which provides the last 10 lines of a file. In the first example, we will type the default command.The command is standard among many of the Unix-line operating systems. The command also displays piped data. You can also use the head command to print the first 10 lines of multiple files. The history command is a way to view the commands that a user has inputted previously on the command line. The default limit is set to display only the latest five hundred commands. It is an easy way to repeat the commands just by inputting!The above will repeat the th command from the list. It is very useful because a user can avoid typing the command again. Coders can also look at the command history from the. The kill command offers the liberty to end the process from the command line. It is useful for those monitoring CPU processes as it makes it easy to terminate processes without working on it manually. Users must be cautious not to kill process randomly or haphazardly. Only use the kill command if the process or task must terminate or has locked up.To obtain the process ID, users have to use the ps and grep command. The command will display the Process ID; in this case, it is  Now that we have the Process ID, let's kill the Kazam screenshot program. With the less command, one does not have to use an editor to view files. It allows users to view files without fearing it being modified. The process is faster and best for those who believe their files might mistakenly be edited.Once the file opens, users can view the entire document using the Up and Down key on the keyboard. Programmers can also make use of the PgUp and PgDn keys. It is a simple command to list the directory of files and directories. The ls command will list files in the active directory if the user does not specify other. It is one of the most frequently used commands as users can concatenate its various options. The above command will list all files in the current directory.For a comprehensive list, coders have to use the -l long option and use the -h human option to ensure the file sizes are mentioned in a human-readable format. It is advantageous as the programmer who is new to commands will have a better understanding before executing any Linux commands.The man command provides a complete detail such as Name, return values files, examples, authors, and more. For instance, to view the manual of SSH command type the following:. Navigate the manual using the PgUp and PgDn keys. Using the mkdir command, coders are able to create new directories. Many operating systems refer to directories as folders. A coder only has to provide the name of the directory, and mkdir will create it. It can also create multiple directories simultaneously and even set up permissions for the same.Programmers must also know that they have to provide a path for the new directory in case it is going to be placed in another directory than the current one. With mkdir, users can create a directory without the existence of its parent directory.To do so, you have to use -p parents option. The shutdown command is simple as it sounds and most users will come across as soon as they learn about Linux commands. As the name sounds, the shutdown command will switch off or shut down your Linux system.There are various parameters you can use with the shutdown command, but if no parameter is specified, then the computer will shut down in one minute. Users can even schedule shutdown and also notify all users for the same with a single command.The only thing users are to provide is the time and the pc will shutdown as per scheduled. You can also schedule in minutes, such as 10 minutes from now. Below are both examples:. The pwd command is simple as it can get. It is an acronym and stands for Print Working Directory.The pwd command will print the full system path of the current directory. It comes with two options, which are -L and -P. The ps command displays a process that is currently running on the Linux machine. It provides a real-time display of all active processes.The ps command provides a basic summary of the process that includes its Process ID. In many operating systems, the process is referred to as tasks. By default, the ps command will list active operations in the current shell. However, you can use options to change to different shells. In case, a user wants to view the process of a specific user then they can add -u user option to the ps command. The mv command enables programmers to shift files and directories between other directories.It is yet another file management command that makes organizing data easy and straightforward. Users can also use the command to rename files. The only thing that the user has to define is the name of the file and where it needs to be moved. The current directory is delineated using.Users can even achieve both tasks, i. With the passwd command, users can change the password for a user. It not only lets you change your password but also of other users. The passwd command is also one of the most frequently used Linux commands. The command comes in very handy as it makes it very easy to change the password for anyone in the team. To change others password, users have to use sudo command as it requires permission privileges. Type paaswd to change your own password.It will demand the user to enter their own password. Once verified, the new passwords for other users. With ping command, users can verify if the network connectivity status between computer and source over an IP network.More so, you can view the response time from a network. The response time is the time it takes to send and receive a response from the network. One of the most common uses of the ping command is to troubleshoot networking issues. Coders have to provide an IP address to run the command. Below is how you can execute the ping command:. However, you can use the -c count option to ping it for a specific number of attempts. The enable command is a built-in shell command akin to the disable command.Coders use the enable to initiate the printers or classes, and similarly utilizes the disable option to cease the printers. Programmers can use the command with various options as listed below:.The cp command is standard across many of the Unix-like operating systems. It stands for copy, and its primary function is to copy files and directories. Coders can even copy multiple files or directories using cp. Each cp argument must have two filenames as it creates a mirror image of the file on a disk with a different name.The command-line utility can even move files or folders. Programmers can also choose to backups of files. In the above example, the file me. As mentioned above, the cp file will create a mirror file of the original file as part of the process. Therefore, they are required to pass the -R flag.The -R flag will, therefore, copy a folder and then create a copy. Input the following argument to do so:. See kernel release information :. You can use the df and du commands to check disk space in Linux.See disk usage for all files and directory :. Chown command in Linux changes file and directory ownership. Give read, write, and execute permission to owner , and r ead and execute permission to group and others :. Assign full permission to owner , and read and write permission to group and others :. Note : To learn more about how to check and change permissions, refer to our Linux File Permission Tutorial.List IP addresses and network interfaces :. See active listening ports with the netstat command :. Show DNS information about a domain using the dig command :. Download a file from a domain using the wget command :. The process can be resumed in the foreground with fg or in the background with bg. The more you use Linux commands, the better you will get at remembering them. Do not stress about memorizing their syntax; use our cheat sheet.Introduction Linux commands may seem intimidating at first glance if you are not used to using the terminal. Was this article helpful? Sofija Simic. Alongside her educational background in teaching and writing, she has had a lifelong passion for information technology.She is committed to unscrambling confusing IT concepts and streamlining intricate software installations. Next you should read. SysAdmin Web Servers. In most modern Linux operating systems, managing a service is quite simple Security SysAdmin. Learn how to use the su command with practical examples and explanations. Change users All Rights Reserved.  

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